Assisting Students Who Report Suicidality
Ohio University Guide to Assist Students Who Report Suicidality
Office of the Dean of Students
Important Facts
Suicide is the second leading cause of death among college students. National surveys of college students estimate that 10% of students on any given campus contemplate suicide every year. At Ohio University, if there are about 20,000 students, about 2,200 contemplate suicide each year. About 80% of college students who die by suicide are unknown to campus mental health professionals. However, about 90% of individuals who die by suicide have a mental disorder that is diagnosable and treatable at the time of their death.
Warning Signs of Suicide
Suicidality refers to a range of thoughts, feelings, and behaviors related to contemplating and/or intending to kill oneself, some of which are more observable than others. Warning signs can be organized into two tiers.
Tier One Warning Signs
These warning signs include overt expressions of suicidal thinking and elicit the most distress or worry. Warning signs at this tier include someone:
- Threatening to hurt or kill themselves
- Looking for ways to kill themselves, such as seeking access to pills, weapons, or other means
- Talking or writing about death, dying, or suicide (includes social media, handwritten letters, text messages, emails, phone messages)
Tier Two Warning Signs
These warning signs include more subtle expressions of suicidal thinking and a broader range of factors that should be taken in combination and in the larger context of the person’s natural tendencies and environment. Warning signs at this tier include:
- Feelings of hopelessness
- Feelings of anger, rage, and wanting to seek revenge
- Feeling trapped
- Feeling anxious, irritated, agitated, and having difficulty sleeping
- Acting reckless or engaging in risky activities
- Using increasing amounts of alcohol and/or drugs
- Withdrawing from friends and family
- Displaying dramatic changes in mood, typically over a period of a few days to a few weeks
- Expressing difficulty finding a reason or purpose for living, such as “I wish this were all over,” or “I can’t go on like this for much longer.”
What May Trigger Suicidality?
Suicide happens when pain exceeds an individual’s resources for coping with pain.
Multiple factors may trigger suicidal ideation and intent. People who are affected by one or more risk factors may have a greater likelihood of suicidal behavior. These risk factors can be used to help identify someone who may be vulnerable to suicide. The following list is not exhaustive, but represents commonly reported risk factors among college students:
Mental and Physical Health Factors
- Mental disorders, such as Depressive disorders, Anxiety disorders, Substance Misuse, Schizophrenia
- Previous suicide attempts
- Self-injury
Individual Factors
- Isolation, hopelessness, anger, impulsivity, risky behavior and other factors mentioned in Tier Two Warning Signs
- Feeling burdensome to others
- Low distress tolerance
- Few or poor coping or problem-solving skills
Environmental Factors
- Relationship difficulties (e.g., friends, partner, family)
- Academic problems
- Employment problems
- Financial difficulties
- Current or past physical, psychological, or sexual abuse
- Chronic illness or disability
- Major loss or negative life transition
- Limited access to effective care
- Exposure to or experience with discrimination and stigma
- Exposure to media reports that glamorize or normalize suicide
Familial Factors
- Family history of suicide or suicidal behavior
- Family history of mental health difficulties
- Current or past family violence or abuse
- Family loss or instability
- Lack of familial support
Females are 3-5 times more likely to attempt suicide. Males are 4-5 times more likely to die by suicide. Suicide does NOT discriminate based on age, race, gender, or sexual orientation. Cultural factors DO play a role in how people respond to a crisis.
How To Help
How to Respond to Someone Contemplating Suicide
In response to Tier One Warning Signs
Contact the Ohio University Police Department (740.593.1911) or Athens Police Department (740.593.6606), if any of the following apply to a distressed student:
- Has a weapon and is threatening to use it
- Threatening immediate harm to self or others
- Has engaged in a behavior that requires immediate medical attention
In Response to Tier Two Warning Signs
- Express care and concern for that individual who is distressed.
- Refer that individual to a trained mental health professional. This may include the following resources on campus:
- Counseling & Psychological Services: 740.593.1616 (available 24/7) or www.ohio.edu/counseling
- Counselor-in-Residence: Let’s Talk Hours are available from Sunday - Friday, 5 p.m. – 10 p.m. in the Living Learning Center (room 160) during the academic year.
- Office of the Dean of Students: 740.593.1800 or complete a CARE Team referral online at www.ohio.edu/student-affairs/dean-of-students/reporting-concerns-about-student
- Direct an individual to a national hotline if they appear uncomfortable with utilizing on campus resources, or would like additional support. The National Lifeline Number (800.273.TALK).
Ask the student directly
When talking with a student, consider the impact of your language about suicide. Ask the student directly whether they are contemplating suicide. For example, “Are you thinking of killing yourself?” “Are you currently having thoughts of suicide?” “Sometimes when people are experiencing difficult situations, they have thoughts of suicide. Are you?”
Avoid saying “completed suicide” or “committed suicide” so as to not convey a sense of judgment, success, punishment, or other negative tone. Instead, say “die/died by suicide” or “death by suicide.”
Protective Factors
In both instances, it may be important to ask briefly about any protective factors that may help the student cope with current distress. Protective factors are those that may reduce the likelihood of suicide and protect students from other risks, such as violence, substance misuse, and academic difficulties. The following list provides some examples of protective risk factors among college students:
Intrapersonal Characteristics
- Psychological/emotional well-being, positive mood, optimism
- Positive beliefs/hope/anticipation about future plans and events
- Desire to finish school
- Internal locus of control (one has an impact on others and the world, and is responsible for one’s own accomplishments)
- Adaptive coping skills, including problem-solving and conflict resolution
- Ability to regulate emotions and tolerate distress
- Self-esteem
- Cultural and religious/spiritual beliefs that affirm life, provide fellowship and a sense of purpose and meaning in life
- Physical activity and exercise
Interpersonal Characteristics
- Family support, parental/caregiver involvement
- Support from friends and partners, involvement in social activities
- Involvement in social activities
- Positive role models, mentors, professors, coaches, peers, and others who provide understanding, care, and support
- Sense of connectedness to school and campus/peer community
- Access to care to support one’s physical and psychological well-being
If you are concerned about a student’s ability to effectively and safely remain on campus, or whether a student’s own well-being is impacting the lives of others around them, you may consider making a referral to the Office of the Dean of Students.
Additional Information
It is crucial that people become comfortable asking directly about suicide. Otherwise, a person in distress may say “fine” or “no, I’m not thinking of harming myself,” when in reality they have a plan for suicide that would bring them relief or they do not consider that plan as harming oneself
Support Resources
Ohio University Resources
Counseling and Psychological Services
Hudson Health Center, 3rd Floor
740.593.1616
Counseling and Psychological Services provides professional and confidential counseling to students*. Drop-In hours are 9:45am-3:15pm, M-F. To access counselors who are on-call 24 hours a day, call 740.593.1616. Counseling services are available to all students and consultation services are available to students, faculty, and staff.
www.ohio.edu/counseling
counseling.services@ohio.edu
*Counseling is confidential except when there is imminent harm to self or others
Bobcats for Suicide Prevention Campaign
Bobcats for Suicide Prevention Campaign is a student group who aims to raise awareness about the threats of suicide to Ohio University students and the general population and to promote healthy living among students.
bspc.weebly.com
OhioHealth Campus Care
Hudson Health Center, 1st and 2nd Floor
740.593.1660
https://www.ohio.edu/medicine/community-health
Dean of Students Office
345 Baker University Center
740.593.1800
www.ohio.edu/deanofstudents
LGBT Center
354 Baker University Center
740.593.0239
www.ohio.edu/lgbt
Ohio University Police Department
118 Ridges Circle Drive
911 or 740.593.1911
www.ohio.edu/police
Psychology and Social Work Clinic (PSWC)
002 Porter Hall
740.593.0902
www.ohio.edu/cas/psychology/community-resources/psychology-social-work-clinic
Student Accessibility Services
230 Alden Library
740.593.2620
https://www.ohio.edu/university-college/student-accessibility-services
disabilities@ohio.edu
CARE Team
740.593.1800
The CARE Team is an advisory and consultative board to help the Dean of Students respond to an expressed concern about a student or to critical, emergency situations involving students. The CARE Team also serves as conduit to other helpful university and community services. A CARE Team referral can be made in person, online, or by contacting the Office of the Dean of Students.
www.ohio.edu/student-affairs/dean-of-students/reporting-concerns-about-student
Athens Community Resources
Appalachian Behavioral Healthcare
100 Hospital Drive
740.594.5000
mha.ohio.gov/Health-Professionals/State-Psychiatric-Hospitals/Appalachian-Athens
Athens County Crisis Hotline
740.593.3344
Athens County Suicide Prevention Coalition
www.ohiospf.org/coalition/athens/
Athens Police Department
11 North College Street
24-Hour Dispatch – 740.593.6606 or 740.592.3313
www.ci.athens.oh.us/index.aspx?nid=120
Holzer Clinic
2131 East State Street
740.589.3120 or 1.855.4.HOLZER (446.5937)
www.holzer.org/locations/locations-profile/?id=3
OhioHealth O’Bleness Memorial Hospital
55 Hospital Drive
740.593.5551
www.ohiohealth.com/locations/hospitals/obleness-hospital/
Hopewell Health Centers
90 Hospital Drive
740.592.3091 or 740.594.5045
www.hopewellhealth.org/
OhioHealth Urgent Care
265 West Union Street, Suite A
740.594.2456
www.ohiohealth.com/locations/urgent-care/ohiohealth-urgent-care-athens/
National Resources
American Foundation for Suicide Prevention
American Association of Suicidology
National Alliance on Mental Illness (NAMI)
Athens: www.namiathensohio.org
Ohio: www.namiohio.org
National: www.nami.org
National Suicide Prevention Lifeline
1.800.273.TALK (8255)
www.suicidepreventionlifeline.org
Suicide Prevention Resource Center
Trans Lifeline
877.565.8860
www.translifeline.org
Trevor Project
Crisis intervention and suicide prevention for LGBT youth ages 13-24, including online chat and texting support)
866.488.7386
Text the word “Trevor” to 1.202.304.1200
www.thetrevorproject.org
Bobcats Who Care
Interested in receiving training on suicide prevention? Would you like to become a gatekeeper on campus? Bobcats Who Care is a three-hour, interactive gatekeeper training program designed to help you respond to individuals (students, faculty, staff) in crisis. This training teaches you empathic listening and relationship building skills that help one to talk comfortably with someone who is very depressed and contemplating suicide. Bobcats Who Care training also helps you connect a person in distress to professional support. Bobcats Who Care is based on the belief that all of us who are part of the Ohio University community have a responsibility to look out for one another. This training, and the information provided in this folder, is modeled after Campus Connect, a suicide prevention gatekeeper program developed at Syracuse University and utilized on over 120 college and universities nationwide.
Adapted from Campus Connect, as developed by Dr. Cory Wallack at Syracuse University.
Counseling and Psychological Services
740-593-1616
CARE Team
www.ohio.edu/student-affairs/dean-of-students/reporting-concerns-about-student
Ohio University Police Department
740.593.1911
Athens Police Department
740.592.3313 or 911
PDF Guide to Assisting Students Who Report Suicidality
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