Note: This is meant only to be a study guide to aid you
in your studies. All materials covered
in lab or in your lab manual are fair game for the exam, whether or not they appear in this
study guide.
All Terminology (many of the important terms are underlined in your manual) You should know and understand their
definitions, functions, importance of, and physiologic mechanisms related to
each term or concept covered in lab.
All Experiments have been performed for a
reason. You should know what we were looking for/at in each
experiment. You should know what happened and what should have happened
in each experiment, you should also be able to explain physiologically why?
All Questions in the lab reports and study
questions in your lab manuals are there for a reason. Be sure that you
can answer them.
Once you have completed going over terminology,
experiments, and questions in the manual, you can use the following as a
general checklist of things you should know for the exam.
Lab 14 – Aerobic Energy Cost of Activity
1)
law of Conservation of energy and how it applies to humans
2)
Be
able to calculate VO2 in both absolute and relative terms
3)
you will be given FE02, FECO2, VE-STPD, Subject weight
4)
Be
able to calculate RER
5)
Be
able to use RER chart to determine how many kcal/L 02 (caloric
equivalent)
6)
Know
what a MET is and what it stands for
7)
be able to calculate MET’s from VO2
8)
Be
able to calculate power and work done on a cycle and treadmill ergometer (see
lab 1 )
9)
Know
usual range of mechanical efficiency
10)
Know
what happened to energy that was not used to perform work
11)
Be
able to calculate VO2 if given FEO2, FECO2, VEatps, barometric pressure,
ambient temperature, and pH2O
12)
be able to calculate aerobic energy cost of a steady state, low intensity
exercise bout; you will be given rest O2, gross O2 for the last min, number of
min of exercise, VCO2, and an RER/caloric equivalent table (i.e. the same way
we did it in class)
13)
Hint: You
will need to calculate RER from gross VO2 and VCO2
14)
Hint: You
will need to calculate Net VO2
15)
be able to calculate Mechanical efficiency
16)
Know
factors that effect Mechanical efficiency
17)
if given two sets of data, be able to tell who is more efficient
18)
know how mechanical efficiency affects endurance performance
19)
know some practical applications of mechanical efficiency
20)
Know
what types of human exercise/activity tend to have high and low mechanical
efficiencies and why
21)
be able to use energy expended information and relate it to weight loss
22)
if given results from a subject’s VO2max test (including VO2, workload,
HR, VE, RER, etc.) give this subject an exercise prescription that would help
them lose one pound of fat per week(~3500kcal/lb). To determine this you
may assume 5kcal/L. Your exercise prescription should be fairly specific
regarding Intensity (assign a power output, speed & grade, or heart rate),
duration, and frequency (# of times per week). Be sure that the
prescription that you give is actually feasible (e.g. you are wrong if you
think that an average individual can maintain a heart rate of 180 beats per
minute for half an hour, you are also wrong if you think that an average subject
can maintain 200 watts or more for longer than a half an hour)
.
Lab 15 –
Exercise metabolism
1)
Understand the importance of energy metabolism for the study
of exercise physiology and be able to explain why energy and work are the
central themes of exercise physiology
2)
Understand the central role of ATP in exercise metabolism
3)
Be able to define
the following terms, be able to explain their importance in energy metabolism
in general and be able to explain their importance in exercise metabolism, and
finally, be able to explain how these terms relate to each other (where
applicable): glycolysis, glycogenolysis, glycogenesis, lipolysis, lipogenesis,
beta oxidation, anaerobic glycolysis, aerobic glycolysis, pyruvate, lactate,
acetyl coA, citric acid cycle, NADH, FADH2, ATP, fatty acids, glycerol,
glycogen, blood glucose, liver, adipocytes, skeletal muscle, gluconeogenesis,
phosphofructokinase, citrate synthase, glycogen synthase, phosphorylase,
hormone sensitive lipase, lipoprotein lipase, triglycerides.
4)
How much can a
normal subject and an elite athlete increase their energy expenditure per
minute during exercise?
5)
Be able to give
examples illustrating how great a metabolic stress exercise is.
6)
Be able to
describe the locations, quantities, and storage forms of our major energy
stores in the body and be able to explain how each may be used at rest, during
exercise, and during fasting
7)
Be able to
explain some of the complex mechanisms we have for maintaining blood glucose,
including hormones and tissues involved.
8)
Be able to
explain the roles of muscle and liver glycogen
9)
Be able to
explain the differing actions of the two lipases mentioned in your
manual.
10)
Be able to
explain the functions of the various enzymes mentioned in your manual
11)
Be able to
explain the roles of beta oxidation, aerobic glycolysis, citric acid cycle, and
the electron transport chain in aerobic energy metabolism.
12)
Be able to
explain how the major anaerobic energy systems work and during what types of
exercise they are especially important
13)
Be able to
compare aerobic and anaerobic energy systems in terms of fuel substrates, rates
of ATP production, capacity for sustained energy production, what types of
exercise they are involved (and to what extents they are involved)
14)
Be able to
explain the significance of a rate limiting enzyme and be able to give examples
of rate limiting enzymes
15)
Be able to
explain some of the intracellular factors involved in regulation of energy
metabolism during exercise
16)
Be able to
explain the roles of important hormones in coordinating exercise metabolism.
17)
Be
able to explain how exercise intensity, duration, training, carbohydrate
ingestion, and thermal stress influence exercise metabolism.
18)
Be
able to calculate energy expended, kcals from fat, and kcals from carbohydrates
as we did in lab.
19)
Know
mechanisms of heat dissipation that are most important at rest and during
exercise
20)
Know
what happens to skin and rectal temperature during the course of exercise under
normal conditions, and under conditions of thermal stress
21)
Know
why the thermal gradient is so important to us in terms of dissipating heat.
22)
know why you would rather exercise in a hot environment than a humid
environment
23)
Know
what types of circulatory adaptations occur during prolonged exercise in a hot
humid environment (think about what happens to Q, HR, SV, and skin blood flow)
Lab 16 - Anaerobic Metabolism I
1)
Understand
what anaerobic metabolism is, and the consequences of it
2)
know what the different anaerobic energy systems are, how long they can be
used for
3)
know what O2 deficit is, what it represents, and how to calculate it
4)
Know
the difference between “O2 debt” and EPOC
5)
Know
reasons why EPOC is not equal to O2 deficit
6)
know what EPOC is
7)
What
is responsible for the Excess VO2 after exercise (i.e. why is EPOC observed)
8)
What
factors affect EPOC & O2 deficit (i.e. what would cause them to increase or
decrease in size)
9)
know how to calculate EPOC & O2 deficit
10)
know the response of blood LA during graded exercise
11)
know how to find Tvent/ventilatory threshold (VT)
12)
know what Tvent & VT represent, and how they
are theoretically related to the actions of the bicarbonate buffering system
and the Lactate threshold
13)
be able to write out the equilibrium equation for the bicarbonate
buffering system
14)
Know
what OBLA is, and know the difference between OBLA and LT
15)
Know what LT is,
and know how to determine it
16)
how are VT and LT related?
17)
what types of subjects/patients should make us question whether or not
there is a cause effect relationship between the LT and VT?
18)
What
is the problem with the terminology related to “anaerobic threshold”
19)
EPOC/Anaerobic
threshold test procedures
20)
Know
the significance of LT/ VT relative to endurance performance
21)
Know
what happens to LT with endurance training
22)
know the effects of active vs. passive recovery on LA clearance after
exercise
Lab 15 – Anaerobic Metabolism II
1)
anaerobic power tests
2)
why used
3)
how done
4)
limitations of each
5)
do they directly or indirectly
assess a subjects ability to use anaerobic metabolism
6)
what energy system(s) are being tested
during each
7)
procedures for each
8)
Wingate: calculation of
a.
max anaerobic power (abs & rel)
b.
max anaerobic capacity (abs & rel)
c.
fatigue index
9)
analysis of results
(especially wingate): e.g. compare individuals: who
has greater endurance (look at fatigue index), who has greater ability to use
ATP-PCr to provide energy, who has greater overall ability to produce energy
via anaerobic energy systems
10)Margaria-Kalamen, Sargent Jump-reach test, ® be able to
determine/calculate power output if given nomogram or equation (you need to
know what variables stand for)
11)
know all procedures for determining an individuals accumulated oxygen
deficit
12)
what are normal ranges for accumulated oxygen deficit
13)
if given 2-4 submaximal workloads & the VO2
at those workloads, and if given the VO2 and duration at a given intensity be
able to calculate accumulated oxygen deficit
14)
how is accumulated oxygen deficit related to anaerobic capacity
15)
what is the difference between anaerobic capacity determined by
accumulated O2 deficit vs. with the wingate test?
What are disadvantages and advantages for each of these methods
16)
what factors could affect accumulated o2 deficit
A note on Semi-comprehensive questions
We have now talked about several
factors that affect endurance performance, and we have assessed several in
class as well (VO2max, “Anaerobic Threshold”, and mechanical efficiency.)
Be able to explain how each of these effects endurance performance. It
may be helpful for you to give an example of two or more athletes and their
VO2max, VT, and %ME, and explain who would be the most successful marathoner
and why.